1947 in science

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The year 1947 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Anthropology

August 7 – Thor Heyerdahl's balsa-wood raft, the Kon-Tiki, smashes into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotu Islands after a 101-day, 4300-mile (6900-km) journey across the Pacific Ocean, demonstrating that prehistoric peoples could have traveled from South America.^[1]

Astronomy and space exploration

February 12 – Sikhote-Alin meteorite falls to Earth in Siberia, the largest iron meteorite known to have impacted.^[2]
February 20 – The first living things sent into space (and returned) are fruit flies, accompanied by rye and cotton seeds, aboard a V-2 rocket launched by the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps which reaches an altitude of 68 miles (109 km).^[3]^[4]^[5]
Bok globules are reported.^[6]

Biology

The Oxford Swift Research Project, based on the colony at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, is started by David and Elizabeth Lack. It will still be running more than sixty years later.^[7]^[8]
David Lack publishes Darwin's Finches.
Zika virus first isolated from a rhesus macaque in the Zika Forest of Uganda.
Influenza C virus first isolated.^[9]

Computer science

January 25 – Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann file a United States patent request for an invention described as a "cathode-ray tube amusement device",^[10] probably the first video game.
July 29 – After being shut off on November 9, 1946, for a refurbishment and relocation, ENIAC, one of the world's first digital computers, is turned on after a memory upgrade at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. It will remain in continuous operation until October 2, 1955.^[11]
August 18 – Official start of construction of Automatic Computing Engine in the United Kingdom.
September 9 – A moth lodged in a relay is found to be the cause of a malfunction in the Harvard Mark II electromechanical computer, logged as "First actual case of bug being found."^[12]^[13]
October – First recorded use of the word computer in its modern sense, referring to an electronic digital machine.^[14]

Mathematics

John Crank and Phyllis Nicolson describe the Crank–Nicolson method in numerical analysis.^[15]
George Dantzig publishes the simplex algorithm for linear programming.^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

Medicine

August 20 – Doctors' Trial concludes, establishing the Nuremberg Code as a model of research ethics for human subject research.^[22]
November 29 – Mary Barber publishes her classic paper on antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus bacteria.^[23]^[24]^[25]
The first antithyroid drug, propylthiouracil, is introduced in the United States.^[26]
The first use of defibrillation on a human subject is performed by Claude Beck, professor of surgery at Case Western Reserve University.^[27]

Metrology

February 23 – The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is founded.

Paleontology

April 18 – "Mrs. Ples" (STS 5), the most complete skull of an Australopithecus africanus specimen ever found in South Africa, is discovered at Sterkfontein (Transvaal) by Robert Broom and John T. Robinson.

Physics

June – The Doomsday Clock of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is introduced.
June 2 – The Shelter Island Conference on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics convenes in New York State.^[28]
August 15 – 'GLEEP' (the Graphite Low Energy Experimental Pile) experimental nuclear reactor runs for the first time at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Oxfordshire, the first reactor to operate in Western Europe.
December 20 – The discovery of kaon is published in Nature (journal).
Harold Urey, Jacob Bigeleisen, and Maria Mayer introduce the Urey–Bigeleisen–Mayer equation, a model for approximating isotope fractionation.^[29]^[30]^[31]

Technology

February 21 – Edwin H. Land demonstrates the first practical instant camera, the Land Camera, in New York City. It will first be on commercial sale in December 1948.
November 13 – First AK-47 selective-fire, gas-operated assault rifle produced in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov.
November 17–December 23 – John Bardeen and Walter Brattain working under William Shockley at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States demonstrate the transistor effect.^[32]
December 11 – A hexagonal cellular telephone network is proposed by Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young of Bell Labs for mobile phones in vehicles.^[33]
The clavioline is invented by Constant Martin.
The disposable nappy is invented by Valerie Hunter Gordon.
Raytheon produces the first commercial microwave oven.

Awards

Nobel Prizes^[34]
- Physics – Edward Victor Appleton
- Chemistry – Sir Robert Robinson
- Medicine – Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Cori, Bernardo Houssay

Births

January 24 – Michio Kaku, American theoretical physicist and popularizer of science.
January 29 – Linda B. Buck, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2004.
February 4 – John Campbell Brown (died 2019), Scottish astronomer.^[35]
March 16 – Keith Devlin, English-born mathematician and popularizer of science.
April 18 – Chris Rapley, British climate scientist.
May 9 – Michael Levitt, South African-born computational biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2013.
June 8 – Eric F. Wieschaus, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1995.
June 15 – Alain Aspect, French quantum physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics^[36]
June 25 – Will Steffen (died 2023), American-born Australian chemist.^[37]
July 5 – Lalji Singh (died 2017), Indian biotechnologist and cytogeneticist, "father of Indian DNA fingerprinting".
July 30 – Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, French virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2008.
August 21 – Margaret Chan, Hong Kong-born physician.
December 6 – Geoffrey Hinton, English-born cognitive psychologist and computer scientist, "godfather of AI", recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics 2024.
December 16 – Martyn Poliakoff, British chemist and popularizer of science.
Stuart W. Jamieson, Rhodesian-born cardiothoracic surgeon.

Deaths

February 12 – Moses Gomberg (born 1866), American chemist.
February 25 – Friedrich Paschen (born 1865), German physicist.
August 23 – Roy Chadwick (born 1893), English aircraft designer (aircraft accident).
September 15 – Annie Maunder (born 1868), Anglo-Irish astronomer.
October 2 – P. D. Ouspensky (born 1878), Russian-born philosopher.
October 4 – Max Planck (born 1858), German quantum physicist.
November 17 – Emil Racoviță (born 1868), Romanian biologist, speleologist and polar explorer.
December 1
- John Fraser (born 1885), Scottish surgeon.
- G. H. Hardy (born 1877), English mathematician.^[38]
December 17 – J. N. Brønsted (born 1879), Danish physical chemist.

References

^ "Wood Raft Makes 4,300-Mile Voyage". This Day in History. BBC. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
^ Orton, O. Richard (1998). Rocks From Space (2nd ed.). Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 0-87842-373-7.
^ "Upper Air Rocket Summary V-2 No. 20". Retrieved 11 May 2011.
^ "The Beginnings of Research in Space Biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1946-1952". History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics. NASA. Archived from the original on 25 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ "V-2 Firing Tables". White Sands Missile Range. Archived from the original on 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ Bok, Bart J.; Reilly, Edith F. (March 1947). "Small Dark Nebulae". The Astrophysical Journal. 105: 255. Bibcode:1947ApJ...105..255B. doi:10.1086/144901.
^ "The swifts in the tower". Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 2011-03-11. Retrieved 2011-03-17.
^ Lack, Andrew; Overall, Roy (2002). The Museum Swifts: the story of the swifts in the tower of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Oxford University Museum of Natural History. ISBN 0-9542726-0-9.
^ Asha, Kumari; Kumar, Binod (2019-02-05). "Emerging Influenza D Virus Threat: What We Know so Far!". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 8 (2): 192–. doi:10.3390/jcm8020192. PMC 6406440. PMID 30764577.
^ US 2455992, Goldsmith Jr., Thomas T. & Estle Ray, Mann, "Cathode-ray tube amusement device", published 1948-12-14, assigned to Allen B. Du Mont Laboratories Inc.
^ "July 29, 1947". Britannica. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
^ "bug:n". The Jargon File. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
^ "Log Book With Computer Bug". National Museum of American History. Archived from the original on 2014-09-27. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
^ "computer, n". Oxford English Dictionary online version. Oxford University Press. September 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-29. (subscription or participating institution membership required)
^ Crank, J.; Nicolson, P. (1947). "A practical method for numerical evaluation of solutions of partial differential equations of the heat conduction type". Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 43 (1): 50–67. doi:10.1007/BF02127704. S2CID 16676040.
^ Murty, Katta G. (1983). Linear programming. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-09725-X. MR 0720547.
^ Dantzig, George B. (2003). Cottle, Richard W (ed.). The Basic George B. Dantzig. Stanford University Press.
^ Dantzig, George B.; Thapa, Mukund N. (1997). Linear programming 1: Introduction. Springer.
^ Dantzig, George B.; Thapa, Mukund N. (2003). Linear Programming 2: Theory and Extensions. Springer.
^ Todd, Michael J. (February 2002). "The many facets of linear programming". Mathematical Programming. 91 (3): 417–436. doi:10.1007/s101070100261. S2CID 6464735.
^ Computing in Science and Engineering 2(1) (2000).
^ Weindling, Paul (2001). "The Origins of Informed Consent: The International Scientific Commission on Medical War Crimes, and the Nuremburg Code". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 75 (1): 37–71. doi:10.1353/bhm.2001.0049. PMID 11420451. S2CID 20239629.
^ Barber, Mary (1947-11-29). "Staphylococcal Infection due to Penicillin-Resistant Strains". British Medical Journal. 2 (4534): 863–865. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4534.863. PMC 2056216. PMID 20272443.
^ Pennington, Hugh (2010-02-09). "Rooting out the villains". Public Service.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-02-28. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
^ Haines, Catharine M. C. (2001). International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-090-5.
^ Skugor, Mario; Wilder, Jesse Bryant (2009). The Cleveland Clinic Guide to Thyroid Disorders. New York: Kaplan Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4277-9969-2. Retrieved 13 September 2011. propylthiouracil introduced 1947.
^ "Claude Beck, defibrillation and CPR". Case Western Reserve University. 2010. Retrieved 2012-06-13.
^ "The Shelter Island Conference". The National Academies. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
^ Richet, P.; Bottinga, Y.; Javoy, M. (1977). "A Review of Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulphur, and Chlorine Stable Isotope Fractionation Among Gaseous Molecules". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 5: 65–110. Bibcode:1977AREPS...5...65R. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.05.050177.000433.
^ Urey, H.C. (1947). "The Thermodynamic Properties of Isotopic Substances". Journal of the Chemical Society: 562–581. doi:10.1039/JR9470000562. PMID 20249764.
^ Bigeleisen, J.; Mayer, M.G. (1947). "Calculation of Equilibrium Constants for Isotopic Exchange Reactions". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 15 (5): 261–267. Bibcode:1947JChPh..15..261B. doi:10.1063/1.1746492. hdl:2027/mdp.39015074123996.
^ "November 17 – December 23, 1947: Invention of the First Transistor". American Physical Society. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
^ Ring, D. H. (1947-12-11). "Mobile Telephony – Wide Area Coverage" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2018-07-10.
^ "Nobel Laureates 1947." Nobelprize.
^ "Obituary: Professor John Brown OBE, Astronomer Royal for Scotland who used magic tricks to share wonder of the cosmos". www.scotsman.com. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022". Nobel Prize (Press release). The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 2022-10-04. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
^ Will Steffen, ‘courageous’ climate scientist, dies in Canberra aged 75
^ GRO Register of Deaths: December 1947 4a 204 Cambridge – Godfrey H. Hardy, aged 70.

[1] "Wood Raft Makes 4,300-Mile Voyage". This Day in History. BBC. Retrieved 4 July 2010.

[2] Orton, O. Richard (1998). Rocks From Space (2nd ed.). Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 0-87842-373-7.

[3] "Upper Air Rocket Summary V-2 No. 20". Retrieved 11 May 2011.

[4] "The Beginnings of Research in Space Biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1946-1952". History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics. NASA. Archived from the original on 25 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-31.

[5] "V-2 Firing Tables". White Sands Missile Range. Archived from the original on 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.

[6] Bok, Bart J.; Reilly, Edith F. (March 1947). "Small Dark Nebulae". The Astrophysical Journal. 105: 255. Bibcode:1947ApJ...105..255B. doi:10.1086/144901.

[7] "The swifts in the tower". Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 2011-03-11. Retrieved 2011-03-17.

[8] Lack, Andrew; Overall, Roy (2002). The Museum Swifts: the story of the swifts in the tower of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Oxford University Museum of Natural History. ISBN 0-9542726-0-9.

[9] Asha, Kumari; Kumar, Binod (2019-02-05). "Emerging Influenza D Virus Threat: What We Know so Far!". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 8 (2): 192–. doi:10.3390/jcm8020192. PMC 6406440. PMID 30764577.

[10] US 2455992, Goldsmith Jr., Thomas T. & Estle Ray, Mann, "Cathode-ray tube amusement device", published 1948-12-14, assigned to Allen B. Du Mont Laboratories Inc.

[11] "July 29, 1947". Britannica. Retrieved 4 July 2010.

[12] "bug:n". The Jargon File. Retrieved 2012-01-20.

[13] "Log Book With Computer Bug". National Museum of American History. Archived from the original on 2014-09-27. Retrieved 2013-01-16.

[14] "computer, n". Oxford English Dictionary online version. Oxford University Press. September 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-29. (subscription or participating institution membership required)

[15] Crank, J.; Nicolson, P. (1947). "A practical method for numerical evaluation of solutions of partial differential equations of the heat conduction type". Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 43 (1): 50–67. doi:10.1007/BF02127704. S2CID 16676040.

[16] Murty, Katta G. (1983). Linear programming. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-09725-X. MR 0720547.

[17] Dantzig, George B. (2003). Cottle, Richard W (ed.). The Basic George B. Dantzig. Stanford University Press.

[18] Dantzig, George B.; Thapa, Mukund N. (1997). Linear programming 1: Introduction. Springer.

[19] Dantzig, George B.; Thapa, Mukund N. (2003). Linear Programming 2: Theory and Extensions. Springer.

[20] Todd, Michael J. (February 2002). "The many facets of linear programming". Mathematical Programming. 91 (3): 417–436. doi:10.1007/s101070100261. S2CID 6464735.

[21] Computing in Science and Engineering 2(1) (2000).

[22] Weindling, Paul (2001). "The Origins of Informed Consent: The International Scientific Commission on Medical War Crimes, and the Nuremburg Code". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 75 (1): 37–71. doi:10.1353/bhm.2001.0049. PMID 11420451. S2CID 20239629.

[23] Barber, Mary (1947-11-29). "Staphylococcal Infection due to Penicillin-Resistant Strains". British Medical Journal. 2 (4534): 863–865. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4534.863. PMC 2056216. PMID 20272443.

[24] Pennington, Hugh (2010-02-09). "Rooting out the villains". Public Service.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-02-28. Retrieved 2012-12-06.

[25] Haines, Catharine M. C. (2001). International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-090-5.

[26] Skugor, Mario; Wilder, Jesse Bryant (2009). The Cleveland Clinic Guide to Thyroid Disorders. New York: Kaplan Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4277-9969-2. Retrieved 13 September 2011. propylthiouracil introduced 1947.

[27] "Claude Beck, defibrillation and CPR". Case Western Reserve University. 2010. Retrieved 2012-06-13.

[28] "The Shelter Island Conference". The National Academies. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010.

[richet1977-29] Richet, P.; Bottinga, Y.; Javoy, M. (1977). "A Review of Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulphur, and Chlorine Stable Isotope Fractionation Among Gaseous Molecules". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 5: 65–110. Bibcode:1977AREPS...5...65R. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.05.050177.000433.

[urey1947-30] Urey, H.C. (1947). "The Thermodynamic Properties of Isotopic Substances". Journal of the Chemical Society: 562–581. doi:10.1039/JR9470000562. PMID 20249764.

[bigeleisen1947-31] Bigeleisen, J.; Mayer, M.G. (1947). "Calculation of Equilibrium Constants for Isotopic Exchange Reactions". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 15 (5): 261–267. Bibcode:1947JChPh..15..261B. doi:10.1063/1.1746492. hdl:2027/mdp.39015074123996.

[32] "November 17 – December 23, 1947: Invention of the First Transistor". American Physical Society. Retrieved 2013-01-16.

[33] Ring, D. H. (1947-12-11). "Mobile Telephony – Wide Area Coverage" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2018-07-10.

[34] "Nobel Laureates 1947." Nobelprize.

[35] "Obituary: Professor John Brown OBE, Astronomer Royal for Scotland who used magic tricks to share wonder of the cosmos". www.scotsman.com. Retrieved 27 May 2021.

[36] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022". Nobel Prize (Press release). The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 2022-10-04. Retrieved 2022-10-06.

[37] Will Steffen, ‘courageous’ climate scientist, dies in Canberra aged 75

[38] GRO Register of Deaths: December 1947 4a 204 Cambridge – Godfrey H. Hardy, aged 70.

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