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Roopkund

Coordinates: 30°15′44″N 79°43′54″E / 30.26222°N 79.73167°E / 30.26222; 79.73167
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Roopkund
  • Mystery Lake
  • Skeleton Lake
Roopkund lake in August 2014
Lake in August 2014
Location of Roopkund lake within Uttarakhand
Location of Roopkund lake within Uttarakhand
Roopkund
Location of Roopkund lake within Uttarakhand
Location of Roopkund lake within Uttarakhand
Roopkund
LocationChamoli, Uttarakhand
Coordinates30°15′44″N 79°43′54″E / 30.26222°N 79.73167°E / 30.26222; 79.73167
Average depth3 metres (9.8 ft)
Surface elevation4,536 metres (14,882 ft)
Map

Roopkund (locally known as Mystery Lake or Skeleton Lake)[1] is a high altitude glacial lake in the Uttarakhand state of India. It lies in the lap of Trishul massif. Located in the Himalayas, the area around the lake is uninhabited and is roughly at an altitude of 5,020 metres (16,470 ft),[1] surrounded by rock-strewn glaciers and snow-clad mountains. Roopkund is a popular trekking destination.[2] The size of the lake varies substantially, but it is seldom more than 40 metres in diameter (1000 to 1500 square metres in area), and is frozen in the winter.[3]

With a depth of about three metres, Roopkund is widely known for the hundreds of human skeletons found at the edge of the lake.[4] The human skeletal remains are visible at its bottom when the snow melts.[5] Initial investigations led some to believe they were the remains of a semi-legendary event when a single group was killed in a sudden and violent hailstorm in the 9th century,[6] but scientific research has subsequently shown that the remains belong to three distinct groups who died in two independent events; around 800 CE and 1800 CE respectively.[7] Because of the human remains, the lake has been called "Skeleton Lake" in recent times.[8]

Human skeletons

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Human skeletons at Roopkund Lake

Skeletons were rediscovered in 1942 by a forest ranger of the Nanda Devi National Park, named Hari Kishan Madhwal.[9] At first, British authorities feared that the skeletons represented casualties of a hidden Japanese invasion force, but it was found that the skeletons were far too old to be Japanese soldiers.[6] The skeletons are visible in the clear water of the shallow lake during one month when the ice melts.[1] Along with the skeletons, wooden artefacts, iron spearheads, leather slippers,[10] and rings were also found. When a team from National Geographic retrieved about 30 skeletons in 2003, flesh was still attached to some of them.[1]

Local legend says that the King of Kanauj, Raja Jasdhaval, with his pregnant wife, Rani Balampa, their servants, a dance troupe and others went on a pilgrimage to Nanda Devi shrine, and the group faced a storm with large hailstones, from which the entire party perished near Roopkund Lake.[11][12]

Identification

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Remnants belonging to more than 300 people have been found. The Anthropological Survey of India conducted a study of the skeletons during the 1950s and some samples are displayed at the Anthropological Survey of India Museum, Dehradun.[13] The studies of the skeletons revealed head injuries;[14] according to some sources,[15] these injuries were caused by round objects from above, and were the common cause of death amongst the deceased. Those researchers concluded that the victims had been caught in a sudden hailstorm, just as described in local legends and songs.[6][15] Radiocarbon dating of the bones at Oxford University's Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit determined the time of death to be 850 CE ±30 years.[citation needed] More recently, radiocarbon dating combined with genome-wide analysis of 38 individuals from Roopkund Lake, found that the remains are from different eras and belong to three distinct groups.[16][7] A group of 23 individuals (dated ~800 CE) had typical South Asian ancestry, one individual (dated ~1800 CE) had Southeast Asian ancestry, and 14 individuals (dated ~1800 CE) had ancestry typical of the eastern Mediterranean, and specifically of present-day people from mainland Greece and Crete.[7] Those findings counter the theory that the individuals died in a single catastrophic event. The radiocarbon dating further suggests that the older, South Asian remains were deposited over an extended period of time, while the younger, eastern Mediterranean and Southeast Asian remains were deposited during a single event.[7]

Conservation concerns

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There is growing concern about the regular loss of skeletons and it is feared that, if steps are not taken to conserve them, the skeletons may gradually vanish in the years to come.[17] It is reported that tourists visiting the area are in the habit of taking back the bones in large numbers and the district administration has expressed the need to protect the area.[13] The district magistrate of Chamoli District has reported that tourists, trekkers, and curious researchers are transporting the skeletons on mules and recommended that the area should be protected.[11] Government agencies have made efforts to develop the area as an eco-tourism destination to protect the skeletons.[18]

Tourism

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Trekking path to Roopkund, passing near Bedni Bugyal

Roopkund is a picturesque tourist destination and one of the important places for trekking in Chamoli District, Himalayas, near the base of two Himalayan peaks: Trisul (7,120 m) and Nanda Ghunti (6,310 m).[19] The lake is flanked by a rock face named Junargali to the North and a peak named Chandania Kot to the East. A religious festival is held at the alpine meadow of Bedni Bugyal every autumn with nearby villages participating. A larger celebration, the Nanda Devi Raj Jat, takes place once every twelve years at Roopkund, during which Goddess Nanda is worshipped.[19] The lake is covered with ice for most of the year, with the best time to trek being in autumn (mid-September to October).

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Roopkund's skeletons were featured in a National Geographic documentary, "Riddles of the Dead: Skeleton Lake".[20][21] India's Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) commissioned the documentary The Mysterious Frozen Lake in the Himalayas,[22] where a scientific team and a film crew try to investigate the lake.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Alam, Aniket (29 June 2004). "Fathoming the ancient remains of Roopkund". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 7 November 2004. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  2. ^ Kohli, M.S. (2000). The Himalayas : playground of the gods : trekking, climbing, adventure. New Delhi: Indus Publishing Co. p. 79. ISBN 9788173871078.
  3. ^ Harney, Éadaoin; Nayak, Ayushi; Patterson, Nick; Joglekar, Pramod; Mushrif-Tripathy, Veena; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Sedig, Jakob; Adamski, Nicole; Bernardos, Rebecca; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Culleton, Brendan J.; Ferry, Matthew; Harper, Thomas K.; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Zhang, Zhao; Bartwal, Maanwendra Singh; Kumar, Sachin; Diyundi, Subhash Chandra; Roberts, Patrick; Boivin, Nicole; Kennett, Douglas J.; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Reich, David; Rai, Niraj (20 August 2019). "Ancient DNA from the skeletons of Roopkund Lake reveals Mediterranean migrants in India". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3670. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11357-9. PMC 6702210. PMID 31431628.
  4. ^ Andrews, Robin George (20 August 2019). "The Mystery of the Himalayas' Skeleton Lake Just Got Weirder: Every summer, hundreds of ancient bones emerge from the ice. A new genetic study helps explain how they got there". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
  5. ^ Sati, Vishwambhar Prasad; Kumar, Kamlesh (2004). Uttaranchal: dilemma of plenties and scarcities (1st ed.). New Delhi: Mittal Publ. p. 82. ISBN 9788170998983.
  6. ^ a b c "Skeleton Lake of Roopkund, India". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d Harney, Éadaoin; Nayak, Ayushi; Patterson, Nick; Joglekar, Pramod; Mushrif-Tripathy, Veena; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Sedig, Jakob; Adamski, Nicole; Bernardos, Rebecca; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Culleton, Brendan J.; Ferry, Matthew; Harper, Thomas K.; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Zhang, Zhao; Bartwal, Maanwendra Singh; Kumar, Sachin; Diyundi, Subhash Chandra; Roberts, Patrick; Boivin, Nicole; Kennett, Douglas J.; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Reich, David; Rai, Niraj; Rai, N (December 2019). "Ancient DNA from the skeletons of Roopkund Lake reveals Mediterranean migrants in India". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3670. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3670H. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11357-9. PMC 6702210. PMID 31431628.
  8. ^ "Roopkund lake's skeleton mystery solved! Scientists reveal bones belong to 9th century people who died during heavy hailstorm". India Today. 31 May 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  9. ^ Woodward, Aylin (22 October 2019). "A remote Himalayan lake holds up to 800 skeletons from people who died 1,000 years apart. The mystery remains unsolved". Business Insider. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
  10. ^ Menon, Hari (8 November 2004). "Bones Of A Riddle". Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  11. ^ a b "Roopkund's human skeletons go missing". Deccan Herald. 24 September 2007. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  12. ^ Vicki, Pomeroy (2007). Deep in the Indian Himalaya. Garhwal Publishing. p. 63. ISBN 9780615156972.
  13. ^ a b Kazmi, SMA (12 November 2007). "Tourists to Roopkund trek back with human skeletons". The Indian Express.
  14. ^ Pant, Alka Barthwal (2018). "Roopkund Mystery "Pathology Reveals Head Injury behind the Casualties" (PDF). Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology. 6 (2018): 1084‐1096. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  15. ^ a b Orr, David (7 November 2004). "Giant hail killed more than 200 in Himalayas". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  16. ^ "8th International Symposium on Biomolecular Archaeology" (PDF). isba8.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2018.
  17. ^ "Skeletons:AWOL". Satesman. uttarakhand.org (Govt. website). 16 July 2005. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  18. ^ Kazmi, SMA (5 February 2009). "Roopkund's skeletal tales". The Tribune. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  19. ^ a b Nigam, Devesh (2002). Tourism, environment and development of Garhwal Himalaya (1. ed.). New Delhi: Mittal Publ. p. 28. ISBN 9788170998709.
  20. ^ "Skeleton Lake". Miditech.tv. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
  21. ^ Riddles of the Dead Episode Guide, National Geographic Channel
  22. ^ The Mysterious Frozen Lake in Himalayas., retrieved 18 March 2021

Further reading

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