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Scheherazade

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For other uses, see Scheherazade (disambiguation).

Scheherazade
شهرزاد
One Thousand and One Nights character
Scheherazade, 19th century painting by Sophie Anderson
Portrayed byMili Avital, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Claude Jade, Anna Karina, María Montez, Cyrine Abdelnour, Sulaf Fawakherji, Annette Haven, Meredith Stepien, Damini Kanwal Shetty
In-universe information
GenderFemale
OccupationQueen consort
Family
SpouseShahryar
Children3 sons and possibly 1 daughter
Other namesShahrazad, Shahrzad

Scheherazade (/ʃəˌhɛrəˈzɑːd, -də/)[1] is a major character and the storyteller in the frame narrative of the Middle Eastern collection of tales known as the One Thousand and One Nights.

Name

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According to modern scholarship, the name Scheherazade derives from the Middle Persian name Čehrāzād, which is composed of the words čehr ('lineage') and āzād ('noble, exalted').[2][3][4] The earliest forms of Scheherazade's name in Arabic sources include Shirazad (Arabic: شيرازاد, romanized: Šīrāzād) in al-Masudi, and Shahrazad in Ibn al-Nadim.[5][6]

The name appears as Šahrazād in the Encyclopaedia of Islam[4] and as Šahrāzād in the Encyclopædia Iranica.[3] Among standard 19th-century printed editions, the name appears as شهرزاد, Šahrazād in Macnaghten's Calcutta edition (1839–1842)[7] and in the 1862 Bulaq edition,[8] and as شاهرزاد, Šāhrazād in the Breslau edition (1825–1843).[9] Muhsin Mahdi's critical edition has شهرازاد, Šahrāzād.[10]

The spelling Scheherazade first appeared in English-language texts in 1801, borrowed from German usage.[1]

Scheherazade and the sultan by Iranian painter Sani al Mulk (1849–1856)

History

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The oldest known text of the tale of Scheherazade is a ninth century (CE) Arabic manuscript from Cairo.[11] By the twelfth century the 1001 Nights was established, with the story of Scheherazade being its frame.[11]

Narration

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Scheherazade and the sultan by German painter Ferdinand Keller, 1880

The story goes that the monarch Shahryar, on discovering that his first wife was unfaithful to him, resolved to marry a new virgin every day and to have her beheaded the next morning before she could dishonor him. Eventually, the vizier could find no more virgins of noble blood and, against her father's wishes, Scheherazade volunteered to marry the king.

Sir Richard Burton's translation of The Nights describes Scheherazade in this way:

Scheherazade had perused the books, annals, and legends of preceding Kings, and the stories, examples, and instances of bygone men and things; indeed it was said that she had collected a thousand books of histories relating to antique races and departed rulers. She had perused the works of the poets and knew them by heart; she had studied philosophy and the sciences, arts, and accomplishments; and she was pleasant and polite, wise and witty, well-read and well-bred.

Once in the king's chambers, Scheherazade asked if she might bid one last farewell to her beloved younger sister, Dunyazad, who had secretly been prepared to ask Scheherazade to tell a story during the long night. The king lay awake and listened with awe as Scheherazade told her first story. The night passed by, and Scheherazade stopped in the middle. The king asked her to finish, but Scheherazade said there was no time, as dawn was breaking. So the king spared her life for one day so she could finish the story the next night. The following night Scheherazade finished the story and then began a second, more exciting tale, which she again stopped halfway through at dawn. Again, the king spared her life for one more day so that she could finish the second story.

Thus the king kept Scheherazade alive day by day, as he eagerly anticipated the conclusion of each previous night's story. At the end of 1,001 nights, and 1,000 stories, Scheherazade finally told the king that she had no more tales to tell him. She summoned her three sons that she had bore him during the 1000 nights to come in before the king (one was a nursling, one was crawling, and one could walk) and she placed them in front of the king. Then she kissed the ground again and said: "King of the age, these are your children and my wish is that as an act of generosity towards them to free me from sentence of death, for if you kill me, these babies will have no mother and you will find no other woman to bring them up so well." The king granted her a pardon as he could see that she was a "chaste and pure woman, freeborn and God-fearing." He then presented a splendid and magnificent robe to Scheherazade's father, the vizier, and she was celebrated throughout his kingdom for 30 days.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Scheherazade". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  2. ^ Marzolph, Ulrich (2017). "Arabian Nights". In Kate Fleet; Gudrun Krämer; Denis Matringe; John Nawas; Everett Rowson (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_0021. [T]he narrator's name is of Persian origin, the Arabicised form Shahrazād being the equivalent of the Persian Chehr-āzād, meaning "of noble descent and/or appearance".
  3. ^ a b Ch. Pellat (2011). "Alf Layla wa-Layla". Encyclopædia Iranica.
  4. ^ a b Hamori, A. (2012). "S̲h̲ahrazād". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6771.
  5. ^ Robert Irwin (2004). The Arabian Nights: A Companion. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 944 (Kindle loc).
  6. ^ Hamdan Muhammad Ali Hussein Ismail (حمدان محمد علي حسين إسماعيل) (2009). Ishkaliyat al-Tarjamah fi al-Adab al-Muqaran إشكالية الترجمة في الآدب المقارن. Al Manhal. p. 170. ISBN 9796500054087.
  7. ^ William Hay Macnaghten, ed. (1839). The Alif laila. Vol. 1. Calcutta, W. Thacker and co. p. 14.
  8. ^ Kitāb alf laylah wa-laylah. Vol. 1. Bulaq. 1862. p. 20.
  9. ^ Maximilian Habicht; Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer, eds. (1825). Tausend und eine Nacht — alf laylah wa-laylah: arabisch, nach einer Handschrift aus Tunis. 880-01Alf laylah wa-laylah. Vol. 1. Breslau. p. 31.
  10. ^ Muhsin Mahdi, ed. (1984). Alf Layla wa-Layla. Brill. p. 66. ISBN 978-9004074316.
  11. ^ a b Jagot, Dr Shazia (11 January 2023). "A very short history of One Thousand and One Nights". Shakespeare's Globe. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
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